BIOLOGICAL SIGNALING AXIS

Cellular Longevity & Mitochondrial Axis

Preclinical investigation of peptides studied for telomere protection, mitochondrial biogenesis, AMPK activation, and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Indexed Compounds2 CompoundsFull Chemical Dossiers

PubMed Citations4 StudiesPeer-Reviewed Literature

Verification Tier100% HPLC/MSAssayed Reagent Standards

Core Receptor Cascade & Cellular Targets:

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation, cardiolipin stabilization, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, epigenetic age regulation.

Indexed Compounds in Cellular Longevity & Mitochondrial Axis

Select a peptide to review molecular formulas, amino acid sequences, and verified commercial sourcing links.

2 Active Dossiers

CAS 307297-39-8MW: 390.35

Epithalon

Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly Synthetic Pineal Tetrapeptide (AEDG / Epitalon)

Formula:C14H22N4O9

Epithalon is a synthetic biomimetic tetrapeptide modeled after the endogenous pineal peptide epithalamin. Investigated for its ability to induce telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression, elongate telomeres in human somatic cells, modulate melatonin synthesis, and reduce oxidative mitochondrial stress.

LyophilizedMetered

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CAS 1627580-64-6MW: 2174.6

MOTS-c

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-c (16-mer)

Formula:C101H152N28O22S2

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA. Investigated in metabolic and biogerontology models for its ability to translocate to the nucleus under metabolic stress, activate AMPK (5′ AMP-activated protein kinase), and regulate nuclear gene expression related to glucose utilization and cellular senescence.

Lyophilized

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Biochemical Architecture

Cellular Signaling Mechanisms & In Vitro Cascades

Phase 1: Receptor Binding

Transmembrane Affinity

Selective binding to primary G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), or ionotropic complexes initiating intracellular phosphorylation.

Phase 2: Signal Transduction

Second Messenger Activation

Cascade phosphorylation via MAP kinase, PI3K/Akt, or adenylate cyclase pathways, modulating cytosolic calcium levels and nuclear transcription factor recruitment.

Phase 3: Phenotypic Outcome

Transcriptional Synthesis

Upregulation of specific mRNA transcripts for structural proteins, angiogenic mediators, or neurotrophins documented across in vitro and pre-clinical assays.

Peer-Reviewed PubMed Literature Index

Primary publications documenting the molecular kinetics and assays of compounds in this axis.

4 Indexed Studies

EpithalonBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (2003)

Peptide promotes telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human fibroblasts

Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA.

Key Finding: Observed reactivation of telomerase enzymatic activity and significant elongation of telomeric repeats in cultured human cells.

PMID 12937682

EpithalonGerontology (2003)

Geroprotective effect of epithalamin and epithalon: telomerase and longevity

Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK.

Key Finding: Documented systemic attenuation of spontaneous tumor development and normalization of antioxidant defense biomarkers.

PMID 14501183

MOTS-cCell Metabolism (2015)

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces diet-induced obesity

Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, et al.

Key Finding: Identified MOTS-c as a systemic peptide acting on skeletal muscle cells to modulate glucose uptake and metabolic flexibility via AMPK activation.

PMID 25738459

MOTS-cNature Communications (2021)

MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of physical capacity and performance

Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, Joly JH, et al.

Key Finding: Quantified endogenous MOTS-c upregulation following contractile exercise and documented enhanced running capacity in rodent models.

PMID 33479210

Laboratory Practice

Storage & Reconstitution Parameters for Cellular Longevity & Mitochondrial Axis

Lyophilized peptides cataloged in this pathway should be preserved at -20°C in desiccated containment. Upon reconstitution with Bacteriostatic Water or sterile isotonic saline, maintain solutions at 2°C to 8°C. Avoid repetitive freeze-thaw cycles which induce mechanical shearing of tertiary amino acid conformations.

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